A 10-year-old girl with spina bifida and neurogenic bowel hospitalized for abdominal pain, dehydration, and more than 20 episodes of diarrhea per day. A stool sample test result was positive for Clostridioides difficile by polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme…
Importance Approximately 5% of all primary care visits in adults are related to knee pain. Osteoarthritis (OA), patellofemoral pain, and meniscal tears are among the most common causes of knee pain. Observations Knee OA, affecting an estimated 654 million people worldwide, is…
Importance Red blood cell transfusion is a common medical intervention with benefits and harms. Objective To provide recommendations for use of red blood cell transfusion in adults and children. Evidence Review Standards for trustworthy guidelines were followed, including using Grading of Recommendations Assessment,…
Importance There are ongoing concerns about the benefits of intensive vs standard blood pressure (BP) treatment among adults with orthostatic hypotension or standing hypotension. Objective To determine the effect of a lower BP treatment goal or active therapy vs a standard BP…
Importance Overt hyperthyroidism, defined as suppressed thyrotropin (previously thyroid-stimulating hormone) and high concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and/or free thyroxine (FT4), affects approximately 0.2% to 1.4% of people worldwide. Subclinical hyperthyroidism, defined as low concentrations of thyrotropin and normal concentrations of T3 and FT4, affects…
Importance Bipolar disorder affects approximately 8 million adults in the US and approximately 40 million individuals worldwide. Observations Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. Bipolar depressive episodes are similar to major depressive episodes. Manic and…
Importance The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on secondary cardiovascular disease prevention is highly debated. Objective To assess the effect of CPAP treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in randomized clinical trials. Data…
Importance Historically elevated risks of suicide among physicians may have declined in recent decades. Yet there remains a paucity of information concerning suicide risks among other health care workers. Objective To estimate risks of death by suicide among US health care workers….
Importance An estimated 15 000 children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years are diagnosed with cancer each year in the US, and more than 85% survive for at least 5 years. By 45 years of age, approximately 95% of people who…
Importance Cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam are commonly administered to hospitalized adults for empirical treatment of infection. Although piperacillin-tazobactam has been hypothesized to cause acute kidney injury and cefepime has been hypothesized to cause neurological dysfunction, their comparative safety has not been evaluated…
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