Historically, most discussions about nonhuman animal experimentation consider what has become known as the 3 R’s: refinement, reduction, and replacement. Refinement and reduction receive the most attention, but recent modeling advances suggest that suitable replacement of nonhuman animal testing would…
This article reviews the design of a recently published randomized controlled trial (RCT) on immediate vs delayed access to gender-affirming hormones for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people and outlines key learning points that clinicians should know about how RCTs can…
Discussions of nonhuman research ethics tend to focus on what we owe nonhuman research subjects in laboratory settings only. But humans make critical decisions about these animals outside the lab, too, during breeding, transportation, and end-of-study protocols. This article reviews…
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the “3 R’s – refinement, reduction, and replacement” when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects’…
If we assume that nonhuman animals experience pain or distress, then ethically justifying human-centered research with only nonhuman animals as subjects likely requires that the research’s benefits to humans must, at least, outweigh harms suffered by the nonhuman animals. Yet…
This activity is comprised of five multiple-choice questions based on the content of an AMA Journal of Ethics podcast about why the “three R’s” of nonhuman animal research might not be sufficient to promote good science, ethics, and nonhuman animal…
The content of this course will help healthcare providers understand the connection between domestic violence and pregnancy and the impact violence has on maternal health. Participants will be provided a philosophical basis for trauma-informed and survivor-centered care as well as…
The Patient Safety Highlights 2024 package consists of 13 individual modules that contain recordings of the corresponding session presented at ANESTHESIOLOGY® 2023. Upon successful completion of all the modules, the learner would earn 11.75 ABA-approved patient safety credits. The patient…
It is Monday morning, and you’ve been invited to participate in the infection prevention rounds in your ambulatory surgical center. This activity will take you on rounds through the OR, sterile processing area, pharmacy, and a construction site to identify…
The emergence of AI in healthcare, initially signaled in the 1970s with innovative AI diagnostic tools, has gained renewed momentum due to recent breakthroughs in generative AI. This revitalization has brought to the forefront both the immense possibilities and the…
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