Discussions of nonhuman research ethics tend to focus on what we owe nonhuman research subjects in laboratory settings only. But humans make critical decisions about these animals outside the lab, too, during breeding, transportation, and end-of-study protocols. This article reviews…
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the “3 R’s – refinement, reduction, and replacement” when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects’…
If we assume that nonhuman animals experience pain or distress, then ethically justifying human-centered research with only nonhuman animals as subjects likely requires that the research’s benefits to humans must, at least, outweigh harms suffered by the nonhuman animals. Yet…
This activity is comprised of five multiple-choice questions based on the content of an AMA Journal of Ethics podcast about why the “three R’s” of nonhuman animal research might not be sufficient to promote good science, ethics, and nonhuman animal…
This activity is comprised of five multiple-choice questions based on the content of an AMA Journal of Ethics podcast about the Alabama Supreme Court decision in LePage v Center for Reproductive Medicine and the legal, clinical, and ethical implications of…
This activity is comprised of five multiple-choice questions based on the content of an AMA Journal of Ethics podcast about the key roles of infectious disease pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship. The featured guests are Drs Lynne Fehrenbacher, a professor in…
This activity is comprised of five multiple-choice questions based on the content of an AMA Journal of Ethics podcast about health organizations’ responsibilities to protect employees and community members from AMR. The featured guest is Lloyd Duplechan, the president of…
Federal and state governments mandate some health care organizations to implement antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs). Some early adopters developed model ASPs that have helped set industry standards; other benchmarks will likely be forged in subsequent regulation, legislation, and jurisprudence. This…
Poor-quality antimicrobial medicines continue to proliferate across supply chains, threatening patients’ health and safety, especially in low- and middle-income regions. This article discusses consequences and risks of antimicrobial resistance and other ways in which antimicrobial medicines can be of poor…
Overprescription of antibiotics in cases in which bacterial infection is clinically uncertain contributes to increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Ethically, merits and drawbacks of stricter prescription practice oversight should be weighed against risks of untreatable bacterial infections to patients and…
© 2026
American Board of Medical Specialties | Policies | Sitemap | Terms of Use | www.abms.org
