CLAPO Syndrome
A 1-day-old, healthy, full-term boy born by cesarean delivery for placental abruption to a 31-year-old primigravid mother was noted at birth to have an erythematous patch on his lower lip.
Medical Knowledge
Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of the Management Strategies of Chronic Urticaria – A Systematic Review
Importance Although treatment for chronic urticaria (CU) has improved over the past decades, evidence regarding costs and net benefits associated with these treatment strategies have yet to be comprehensively characterized and synthesized. Objective To summarize the cost and cost-effectiveness of CU management…
Renal Cell Carcinoma – A Review
Importance Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy, with an estimated 434 840 incident cases worldwide in 2022. In the US, it is the sixth most common cancer among males and ninth among females. Observations Clear cell RCC is the most common…
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the 2023 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Externally Controlled Studies Using Real-World Data in Patients With Hematological Cancers – A Systematic Review
Importance The use of real-world data (RWD) external control arms in prospective studies is increasing. The advantages, including the immediate availability of a control population, must be balanced with the requirements of meeting evidentiary standards. Objective To address the question of whether…
With What Should We Replace Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research Protocols?
Historically, most discussions about nonhuman animal experimentation consider what has become known as the 3 R’s: refinement, reduction, and replacement. Refinement and reduction receive the most attention, but recent modeling advances suggest that suitable replacement of nonhuman animal testing would…
Roles of Randomized Controlled Trials in Establishing Evidence-Based Gender-Affirming Care and Advancing Health Equity
This article reviews the design of a recently published randomized controlled trial (RCT) on immediate vs delayed access to gender-affirming hormones for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people and outlines key learning points that clinicians should know about how RCTs can…
How Should Treatment of Animals Beyond the Lab Factor Into Institutional Review?
Discussions of nonhuman research ethics tend to focus on what we owe nonhuman research subjects in laboratory settings only. But humans make critical decisions about these animals outside the lab, too, during breeding, transportation, and end-of-study protocols. This article reviews…
How Should the Three R’s Be Revised and Why?
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the “3 R’s – refinement, reduction, and replacement” when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects’…
How Should Clinician-Researchers Model Regard for Nonhuman Animals Bred for and Used in Human-Centered Science?
If we assume that nonhuman animals experience pain or distress, then ethically justifying human-centered research with only nonhuman animals as subjects likely requires that the research’s benefits to humans must, at least, outweigh harms suffered by the nonhuman animals. Yet…
